Age-Advertisement and the Evolution of the Peacock's Train

The present article discusses the Age-Advertisement Theory in relation to the evolution of a peacock's train of feathers. In the journal article's introduction, Manning (1989) puts forth four main explanations that previous research have used to explain the evolution of such elaborate tails. The first explanation states that the sons of "choosy" females in a population with posses the "preferred type of elaborate tails and will in turn be preferred by the daughters of other "choosy" females in the population. The second explanation puts forth the Handicap principle in order to to try to illustrate the robustness and quality of a peacock's genes despite its large and inconvenient train of feathers. The third principle looks at the condition of the peacock's train of feathers that is dependent on parasite load--a large train of feathers therefore shows a low parasite load. Finally, the article introduces the Age-Advertisement Theory which states that a large train of feathers is indicative of age and overall genetic quality. In conclusion, the article was able to find a strong correlation between the age of a male peafowl and the actual number of feathers in the peacock's train (specifically the number of ocellus feathers). It was indeed concluded that this is an honest advertisement of age in peacocks.

Journal article:
          Manning J. T. (1989). Age-advertisement and the evolution of the peacock's train. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2, 379-384.

The Peacock's Complaint

I recently stumbled upon this cheesy, yet insightful, cartoon from Aesops Tales that does in fact seem to sum up a lot of what describes a peacock. In this cartoon the peacock complains that it has an unfortunately ugly voice in comparison to "insignificant" birds like the nightingail. The peacock then learns that each animal and more specifically, each bird, has something special about it that makes it unique. Although the peacock's voice can be annoying and a nuisance to some, it has a majestic train of feathers that no other bird can say they have. This brings me back to the first post I posted on this blog where I blogged on a video that discussed the presence of peacock's in Palos Verdes, CA where they were seen as either a giant nuisance or something beautiful to add the to the town's landscape. No matter how "annoying"people may say peacock's are, they are undeniably beautiful birds that have mesmerized many. 

The Peacock Problem: Does It Affect Predation?

Resent research has looked at the "peacock problem" or Costly Signaling Theory where the classic example is a peacock's long and eye-catching train of feathers. In this theory, the size, color and overall extravagance of the peacock's train of feathers is said to strongly indicate a male peafowl's overall gene quality. A peacock with a long train of feathers is more likely to be strong and resilient when it has such a large train of feathers because it can potentially hinder the peacock in catching the attention of potential predators. It also indicates that the peacock has used a large amount of metabolic-energy and resources in order to take care of such a large tail even though it is useless in every aspect of the peacock's life (with the exception of courtship and attracting mates of course). As Loyau et al. (2005) put it, "a high-quality tail is an honest signal of good genes because only those peacocks who are in good health and who have the traits required to survive and acquire abundant supplies of food can afford to waste their energy and resources to grow and maintain this showy and nutritionally costly ornament." But Gerhand Adam has questioned this "classic" example of the costly signaling theory and has stated that there is no empirical or sufficient evidence that is able to draw a correlation between the size of a peacock's train of feathers and its rate of mortality. A higher vulnerability to predation must be demonstrated in those peacocks with larger and more colorful tails. Furthermore, Adam goes onto say that the "peacock problem" in relation to a peacock's train of feathers is often based on assumptions and that there is not sufficient evidence that a peacock's train is indicative of a peacock's gene quality or overall ability to survive. Thus more research must be done in order to draw conclusive conclusions on the relationship between a peacock's tail and its ultimate survival value. 


Sources: Science 2.0: Explore the Revolution

Congo Peafowl

The Congo peacock, Africa's only only pheasant species, looks significantly different from the typical Indian peacock we often envision in our mind. While the Indian peacock has a long train of feathers that it uses to attract the opposite sex in mate selection, the Congo peacock has short yet equally as vibrant feathers on its back. The reason why the Congo peacock does not have the same beautifully majestic tail that the other two species of peafowl have is because it resides in the deep forest of central Africa where having a long train of feathers would be impractical and difficult to maneuver around with. Due to the fact that the male peacocks do not their typical train of feathers to distinguish themselves from their fellow peahens, one can tell a Congo peacock from a Congo peahen by its color. While Congo peahens are a mixture of green and a dull brown in order to more easily blend into their environment, the male peacocks are vivacious blue and have a crest. Furthermore, this species of peafowl is relatively shy compared to its ancestors and therefore might closely resemble early peafowl ancestors. Unfortunately, this particular species of peacock is endangered but the Species Survival Program has attempted to take control of the situation in order to deter the species declining population. 

Sources: San Diego Zoo

Peacock Eyespots

When one thinks of a peacock, the first thing that usually comes to mind is their eye-spotted colorful train of feathers. A single peacock feather has an "eyespot" that seems to serve a controversial function for the bird. Some research has shown that female peahens seemed to be particularly attracted to, and therefore more prone to chose peacocks, with a large number of eyespots on their train of feathers. But more recent research has shown otherwise. For instance Dakin, at the Queen's University in Canada, recently showed evidence that the number of eyespots a peacock had did not actually improve its chances of impressing a peahen. Furthermore, others have hypothesized that perhaps it isn't the number of eyespots a peacock has that illustrates a peacock's success in mating, but actually the size and elaboration of the peacock's train of feathers. In running a number of experiments where Dakin and Montgomerie manipulated the number of eyespots each peacock had by snipping them off, Dakin found through a series of experiments that most peacocks that were "eyespot-challenged" mated significantly less than those who were not. Ultimately, research has not shown to be conclusive in what function feather eyespots serve for peacocks and needs to be further researched in order to fully understand the mechanisms that underlie peacock mate selection.

Sources: Discovery News

Peacock Territorial Behavior

I have included a video that illustrates hostile territorial behavior amongst male peacocks. In the video you can see that the two peacocks sort of circle around each other until one peacock hints that he is about to attack the other, where at this point they both proceed to charge at each other by flying up into the air. Territorial contact amongst peacocks can get pretty gruesome, making it a primary reason why it is very difficult to house multiple male peacocks in one place. Due to the fact that peacocks tend to prefer having multiple peahens in a harem-like setting to mate with, they don't particularly enjoy when other males are trying to do the same. At times peacocks can go as far as knocking off a fellow peacock off of his peahen partner while they are mating in order to cause mating complications. On top of fighting for the most potential peahen mates, peacocks also fight to rank highest in the peacock pecking order. At times this territorial fighting can become highly aggressive and can end up hurting one of the peacock fighters, ultimately decreasing the peacock's spot in the peacock pecking order.

Perhaps peacocks aren't the best example of aggressive territorial behavior, but from the video how do you think peacock territorial behavior compares to other animal territorial behaviors? How does their aggressive behavior compare to other birds?

Sources: eHow

Indian Peacock Conservation

In attempt to conserve the peacock population in India, the country has in fact protected the bird by law. Declared the country's official national bird in 1963, the peacock is depicted throughout Indian culture in art, music and poetry. It is estimated that there are over 100,000 peacocks in India but although it is illegal to poach for peacock meat in India, it is unfortunately not in surrounding areas of South Asia. In countries like China for example, there is huge demand and market for peacock rearing and poaching. Moreover, peacocks are not only poached for their meat but also their vibrant feathers. In effort to try to eliminate the illegal plucking of peacock feathers, India has developed ways in which one can tell whether peacock feathers had shed naturally or had been plucked. Finally on the contrary, peacocks can also be seen as a nuisance in damaging crops or in accidentally poisoning themselves by eating crop pesticides. As we have seen in my first post on peacocks in local neighborhoods, peacocks can also be seen as a nuisance when damaging gardens, making noise or scratching cars. Due to their nuisance, some cities (including those in India) have developed peacock management programs in order to try to prevent such nuisances and teach their residents to deal with the peacock presence in a way that helps conserve their population rather than destroy it.

Sources: Wikipedia

Albino Peacocks

A white, or albino, peacock is a genetic variant of the Indian Blue peacock. The albino peacock is white rather than the typical array of bright and vibrant colors because they are missing certain pigments that colorful peacocks possess. Moreover the color of a peacock (or any bird for that matter) depends on the pigment and structure of the feathers that are equally important in determining the peacock's physical appearance. While melanins, carotenoids and porphyrines determine the bird's pigmentation, the structure of the peacocks feathers and the lamallae or thin plate layers of the peacock's feathers that behave like a prism and split the light of the peacock's colors.

Here are some more pictures of the albino peacock:

Sources: Treehuger

Peacock Taxonomy & Evolutionary Background

Peacocks, belonging to the Gillaformes order, are close relatives of pheasants, quail, turkey and Guinea fowl. Furthermore, many may ponder the evolutionary significance of how peacocks developed such long and colorful tails. According to Darwin's theory on sexual selection, peacocks developed their intricate tails in order to attract surrounding peafowl and indicate they are a healthy match. Results from various experiments have actually showed that peacocks with the largest tails and more plentiful eyespots have a better chance at survival than those who don't. Finally there is also a downside to having such a large train of feathers to the point where it could come burdensome at times. If a peacocks tail is too big then it could be difficult to move around and could also potentially attract even more predators. But alas, according to Darwin's theory of sexual selection, these peacocks too will die off leaving those with the the perfect sized trains more likely to survive. 

Kingdom: Animalia

Pylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Gillaformes

Family: Phasianidae

Genera: Pavo

Species: Cristatus 

Sources: NZBirds & PBS

Peacock Reproductive/Mating Behavior

Peacocks reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 once their colorful feathers have fully grown to attract the opposite sex. Peacock breeding season typically lasts for about 5 months through some of the warmest months of the year, usually April through August. Peacocks strive to reproduce when the climate is relatively warm though the exact months will vary depending on the peacocks geographical location. The peacock attracts the opposite sex by spreading and shaking their multi-colored feathers through a mating dance. Furthermore in practicing this dance the peacock lets out a powerfully loud mating call  while facing his potential mating partner. If the peafowl is interested, she will allow the peacock to mount her and engage in further reproductive behavior. 

Sources: eHow

Here's a video where you can both see and hear a peacock's mating behavior: 

Eating Habits & Foraging Behavior

                         

Male peafowl or peacocks are omnivores (they eat both plats and meat) and are not finicky eaters in the slightest.  These birds consume a number of different things including anything from seeds, berries, grains and parts of plants to small reptiles, insects and even mammals. These items are considered a part of a peacocks natural diet and when in lush environments they have no trouble finding a plateful amount of plants from day to day. Furthermore because peacocks can both see and hear well, they use these senses in particular to spot and catch their prey fast and efficiently. Another way peacocks are infamous for gathering food is though mooching and scavenging. Because peacocks are omnivores it seems that farms are the perfect place to scavenge where they easily remember food locations they can come back to. Finally, peacocks in captivity have a different diet consisting of mainly of grains, various fruits, boiled egg, nuts, vitamins, bird mashes and food pellets that are developed to provide the peacocks with a balanced and plentiful diet that they would have otherwise received in their natural environment. Although peacocks find food both on the ground as well as up in trees, a majority of their time is spent on ground level and therefore consume most of what the ground has to offer.

Sources: eHow

This is a picture my mother took of our family peacock in May 1985, about than six years before I was born! Ever since I was little my family was always into animals (especially birds). I grew up with peacocks and geese running around our backyard in northern California until the age of 3. I have chosen to post this picture on my blog because this peacock is the reason why I chose to do my blog on peacocks in the first place. Like the old man in the YouTube video included in my previous blog post, I believe that while peacocks are loud animals they are indeed beautiful and worthy of praise. Peacock feathers have always been around my house growing up. These birds have always captivated and interested me immensely for a long time now. Moreover with this blog I strive to learn more about their origin and unique behaviors.

Have any one of you also owned a peacock when growing up? I know professor Blaser had one as well!

Peacocks: Beauty or Nuisance?

After looking through a number of documentaries and informational videos on YouTube regarding the peacock, I came across many that asked this exact question. For the peacocks that have been taken out of their natural habitat and placed in residential areas, many have had to ask themselves whether these vivaciously colored birds are overwhelmingly beautiful creatures or nuisances to to the neighborhood. As the video explains, the peacocks in Palos Verdes, California are not native to the area and were in fact brought over in 1924 from the Catalina Island as a gift from the island's owners. While there are a few residents that see the animal as aesthetically pleasing and as an animal they can enjoy living amongst, a majority of PV's residents see the bird as annoying, loud and intrusive. I myself am more partial to the side that sees the beauty of the Peacock not only because I am a lover of all animals, but also because I grew up with a Peacock until the age of 3. Which side do you guys think you would be on? Do you think the drivers who at times run over the peacocks are justified when they say they are "just birds"? What could be done to create peace between the angry residents and the peacocks that live in PV?